ADSID振動探知機ですベトナム戦争当時ホーチミンルートに空中投下して
無線(15OM帯)でベトコンの動性を探知したものですアンテナが枯れ木のようになってます
ベトナム戦争中のイグルー・ホワイト作戦でアメリカ軍はホーチミン・ルートの周辺に大量のマイクロフォンや地震計を投下し車両や兵士の振動を探知し補給路を断つ作戦を行った
ホーチミン ルートは食糧や武器、戦略物資などを運ぶため密かに建設された総延長2万キロに及ぶ戦略・輸送路で、出発点は北ベトナムのケヴェ、そこから隣国ラオスに入り多くの枝道やおとり道を作りながら南下、南ベトナム、ラオス、カンボジアの3国国境の手前で南ベトナムに入り、終点ブージャマップに達します
ホーチミンルート
ホーチミン・ルート(英語: Ho Chi Minh trail、ベトナム語: Đường Trường Sơn/塘長山[1])は、ベトナム戦争時における北(ベトナム民主共和国)から中立国ラオス、カンボジア領内を通り南(ベトナム共和国)に至る南ベトナム解放民族戦線への陸上兵站補給路を指す、Đường Trường Sơn の日本での呼称である。
概要
ベトナム戦争において、北ベトナム・南ベトナムを隔てていた北緯17度の非武装地帯は、非常に厳重な警戒下に置かれていたため、北ベトナムが南ベトナム国内の反政府ゲリラ(ベトミン)へ非武装地帯を経由して支援を行うことは不可能だった。そこで、トラックなどの車両が通れる道路から徒歩でしか通過できないような道までを使い、ラオス領、カンボジア領までをも通過しつつ物資、兵力の投入が行われた。直線距離は1400kmである。
ラオス領とカンボジア領内のルートに関しては、北ベトナムが勝手に使用しており、国境侵犯していたことになるが、両国はこれを黙認した。ラオスでは、北ベトナムの影響を受けて共産主義化が急速に進んでいった(ラオス内戦)。
アメリカ軍は、中部高原のカンボジア国境近くのイア・ドラン渓谷(ザライ省の省都プレイクから南西へ約50km)に展開するべく、イア・ドラン渓谷の戦い(1965年11月14日 - 11月18日)を実施したが失敗した。
アメリカ軍は、ルート破壊のため、ルートが通っていた山々に住んでいた先住民族であるミャオ族(モン(Hmong)人)の一部(右派ミャオ族)を金品で手懐けた。右派ミャオ族の青少年は召集されて軍事訓練を施され、武器を手にルートに対する破壊工作を実施した。アメリカ軍は、空からも連日のように、ルートをクラスター爆弾等で爆撃した。対する北ベトナムは、20万人の人員を導入し、破壊されてもすぐに補修できるよう体制を整えていた。その中には、ラオスの共産勢力パテート・ラーオや、右派ミャオ族のあり方に反対し、北ベトナムに協力的だった左派ミャオ族も含まれていた。
ルートは、当初はジャングルの中の細い路を人手だけで運んでいたが、次第に自転車を使いだし、効率を上げるため、ホンダ・カブで輸送し、最終的にはトラックで堂々と運ぶようになった。多くのトラックは上空からバイクに誤認されるようにヘッドライトの片方を潰していた。
1970年3月にアメリカ軍はカンボジアに侵攻し、1971年2月には、アメリカ空軍がラオスにあったルートも遠慮なく爆撃している(ラムソン719作戦)。そのため現在でも、ラオス北東部では不発弾の爆発で、農民が死傷する事故が相次いでいる。
また、戦時中にアメリカに協力してホーチミンルートを破壊しようとした右派ミャオ族は、ベトナム戦争終結後、北ベトナム側についた他の左派ミャオ族たちや、ラオス駐留のベトナム人民軍から民族浄化に等しい凄惨な報復を受け、数万人が虐殺されたとみられている。ミャオ族は、同じ民族が左右に分かれて代理戦争をしたのである。
結局、右派ミャオ族はインドシナ戦争からベトナム戦争終結後までの戦乱およびベトナムからの報復により約20万人が死亡し、生き延びたものも命からがら、タイ王国やアメリカ合衆国に難民となって流出することになった。
QU-22 (航空機)
QU-22 ペイブイーグル (QU-22 Pave Eagle)はベトナム戦争時にアメリカ空軍が使用した通信中継機である。ビーチクラフト製のA36 ボナンザをベースに開発されており、無人での運用を想定していたためQの記号を持つが実際の作戦飛行は有人で行われた
概要
ベトナム戦争中のイグルー・ホワイト作戦でアメリカ軍はホーチミン・ルートの周辺に大量のマイクロフォンや地震計を投下した。それらのセンサーは非常に小型であり内蔵している電池による低出力の電波の到達範囲は限られていた。これらの弱い電波を受信しタイの情報処理施設へと中継するため大型機のEC-121(ロッキードL-1049の軍用型)の改造型と共に単発の軽飛行機であるビーチクラフト・ボナンザをベースにした本機が開発された。
タイを拠点に1969年にから1972年のごく短い期間のみ使用され、イグルー・ホワイト作戦の終了とともに退役した。
姉妹機として軽攻撃機のAU-22が開発されていたが、こちらは採用されなかった。
















































































USAF OPERATION IGLOO WHITE
The US Air Force (USAF) at the end of 1967 started to air-drop around 20,000 micro sensors into a country bordering Vietnam to be monitored by an IBM mainframe, in order to help direct US airstrikes. The project was an expensive disaster that became a foundation for US domestic military surveillance of non-whites.
It had little impact (e.g. “sensors couldn’t tell the difference between a gun and a shovel”) while costing American lives. All it did prove was the fact that drones flying above a mesh of sensors could launch airstrikes on a moment’s notice…for a low low price of just $1 billion/year in the 1970s, as the following documentary puts plainly:
When you stop to think about it if you have $30M orbiting reconnaissance aircraft to transmit signals, and $20M command post to call in four $10M fighters to assault a convoy of five $5000 trucks with $2000 worth of rice, it’s easy to see that’s not cost-effective. This is a self-inflicted wound… a losing proposition…
Initial Plans
The North Vietnamese had built a network of roads through neighboring neutral coountries Laos and Cambodia to supply forces in South Vietnam. This “Truong Son Road” (called “Ho Chi Minh Trail” by Americans) was concealed by the natural foliage of thick jungle.
Plans were concocted by Americans to appear respectful of Laos and Cambodia, while still bombing them, by secretly dropping hidden sensors that would guide targeted strikes and Army Special Forces teams “over the fence”
The idea of constructing an anti-infiltration barrier across the DMZ and the Laotian panhandle was first proposed in January 1966 by Roger Fisher of Harvard Law School in one of his periodic memos to McNaughton.
A book called The Closed World explains in detail what these Harvard Law School plans turned into:
Sensor Technical Details (Data Integrity Failure)
There were several iterations of the sensors. The USAF archives refer to these categories:
- ADSID I and III, (Normal) and (Short): (Air Delivered Seismic Intrusion Detector) – transmitted vibration from geophone (personnel or vehicles in motion)
- HELOSID (Helicopter Delivered Seismic Intrusion Detector)
- ACOUSID II and III: (Acoustic and Seismic Intrusion Detector) – transmitted sound from microphone
We’re talking here about $2K radios inside a dart-shaped canister with a 2 week battery (later expanded to 45 days by changing from continuous to polling), and a 20% failure rate on deployment.
Ten years ago Air Force Magazine described the wide set of problems with false positives from these wireless sensors in a jungle. This honest analysis is a far cry from how the USAF originally fluffed up the technology to be as easy as “drugstore pinball” and give North Vietnamese “nowhere to hide”:
The challenge for the seismic sensors (and for the analysts) was not so much in detecting the people and the trucks as it was in separating out the false alarms generated by wind, thunder, rain, earth tremors, and animals—especially frogs.
There were other kinds of sensors as well. One of them was the “people sniffer,” which chemically sensed sweat and urine.
[…]
“We wire the Ho Chi Minh Trail like a drugstore pinball machine, and we plug it in every night,” an Air Force officer told Armed Forces Journal in 1971. “Before, the enemy had two things going for him. The sun went down every night, and he had trees to hide under. Now he has nothing.”
Here are the sort of acoustic details captured in working group studies hoping to isolate signals of frogs and shovels from soldiers and trucks:


Sensor Deployment
Either a F-4 Phantom jet, a OV-10 Bronco plane, or a CH-3 Jolly Green Giant helicopter was used for air drops. Given the large quantity of sensors, frequency of drops, size of budget and talent of engineering, their placement wasn’t as sophisticated as one might imagine.
Here you can see a member of 21st Special Operations Squad (SOS) based in Nakhon Phanom (under the Dust Devils call sign) at low altitude sending a sensor by hand.

Despite being engineered with complex electrical equipment to enable remote control. reliability failures meant every flight carried a pilot on board (A QU-22 reunion site interviews them).
The high-tech QU-22 drone program was cancelled after just two years with a number of crashes including two inside Laos.
Command Center
Back at the ISC, computers made by IBM were connected to a giant wall-sized display of the area under surveillance, as well as touchscreen monitors (images from US Air Force Historical Research Agency):
Military Surveillance “Toys” Deployed in America
Despite President Nixon’s backing, the expense of Igloo White coupled with many American casualties sat on top of a failure to produce results to justify continuing the program, especially after North Vietnamese simple changed tactics. The program was cancelled by 1973 just as Nixon was infamously announcing he would criminalize being non-white.
Nixon had believed so strongly in the new surveillance technology that he had the same sensors deployed to his lawns and…of course the border with Mexico.
Needless to say, even domestically the systems failed spectacularly as documented in 1971 and reported again in 1972:
That kind of outcome didn’t seem to dissuade some from thinking there is a bright future for military surveillance technology along America’s borders.
In 1989 the Air War College reported that military surveillance failure under Nixon on the border with Mexico meant President Reagan actually had a useful foundation for military role in the criminalization of non-whites.
Reagan pushed so hard on invasive of domestic military surveillance the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878 was modified “to allow all branches of the Armed Forces to provide equipment, training, and assistance to the U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Customs, and to other Drug Enforcement agencies”. Today it is widely known and becoming uncontroversial that the “war on drugs” was intentionally racist — criminalizing non-whites.
Conclusion
The true lesson from Igloo White was that an expensive technological military replacement (even domestically) for human intelligence gathering systems may have been very fast yet also very expensive and never really proven accurate. It will forever be known in history as a “self-inflicted wound” by Nixon that Reagan doubled-down on.
Air Force Magazine, while admitting the USAF vastly overstated the success of their work, also emphasized analysis of data can be mishandled by everyone involved:
…7th Air Force’s “numbers game” was refuted by the CIA’s own “highly reliable sources,” referring to its agents in the enemy ranks. The CIA and the Defense Intelligence Agency developed a formula that arbitrarily discounted 75 percent of the pilot claims. […] Then, as now, the bomb damage assessment process was flawed on both ends: Operations tended to claim too much; Intelligence tended to validate too little.
It was the “fire, ready, aim” foreshadowing of today’s drone programs (e.g. Operation Haymaker) where the vast majority of targets are later reported to be innocent civilians.
Army Signalmen In The Vietnam War
Operation Igloo White
Operation Igloo White
* “Bugging the Battlefield” by National Archives and Records Administration, 1969:
Operation Igloo White
Operation Igloo White was a covert United States Air Force electronic warfare operation conducted from late January 1968 until February 1973, during the Vietnam War. This state-of-the-art operation utilized electronic sensors, computers, and communications relay aircraft in an attempt to automate intelligence collection. The system would then assist in the direction of strike aircraft to their targets. The objective of those attacks was the logistical system of the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) that snaked through southeastern Laos and was known as the Ho Chi Minh Trail (the Truong Son Road to the North Vietnamese).
United States Air Force Operations in Vietnam 1967 - Restored Color
Staff Film Report 66-43B U.S. Army Communications Vietnam
Phu Lam AUTODIN 1968
Staff Film Report 66-44A Vietnam October 1966
Staff Film Report 66-2B Vietnam December 1967
Staff Film Report 66-2B Vietnam December 1967
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